HIGHMARK COMMERCIAL MEDICAL POLICY - PENNSYLVANIA

 
 

Medical Policy:
G-41-028
Topic:
Wireless Capsule Endoscopy as a Diagnostic Technique in Disorders of the Small Bowel, Esophagus, and Colon
Section:
Miscellaneous
Effective Date:
July 1, 2021
Issued Date:
July 1, 2021
Last Revision Date:
May 2021
Annual Review:
December 2020
 
 

Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) is an ingestible telemetric gastrointestinal capsule imaging system that is used for visualization of the small bowel mucosa. It is used in the detection of abnormalities of the small bowel, which are not accessible via standard upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and colonoscopy.

Policy Position

WCE of the small bowel may be considered medically necessary for the following indications:

  • Suspected small bowel bleeding; or
  • Initial diagnosis in individuals with suspected Crohn’s disease; or
  • In individuals with an established diagnosis of Crohn’s disease, when there are unexpected change(s) in the course of disease or response to treatment, suggesting the initial diagnosis may be incorrect and reexamination may be indicated; or
  • For surveillance of the small bowel in individuals with hereditary GI polyposis syndromes, including familial adenomatous polyposis and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome; or
  • For evaluation of individuals with suspected celiac disease with a positive serology and a negative biopsy; or

o     Who are unable to undergo esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with biopsy; or

  • For re-evaluation of individuals with celiac disease who remain symptomatic despite treatment and there is no suspected or confirmed gastro-intestinal (GI) obstruction, stricture, or fistulae; or
  • For screening or surveillance of esophageal varices in cirrhotic individuals with significantly compromised liver function (i.e., Child-Pugh score of Class B or greater) or other situations where a standard upper endoscopy with sedation or anesthesia is contraindicated; or
  • For evaluation of known or suspected small bowel tumors.

The following indications for WCE are considered experimental/investigational and therefore non-covered because the safety and/or effectiveness of this service cannot be established by the available published peer-reviewed literature, include but are not limited to:

  • Evaluation of other GI diseases and conditions not presenting with GI bleeding, including but not limited to:
    • Use in evaluating the stomach; or
    • Duodenal lymphocytosis; or
    • Irritable bowel syndrome; or
    • Lynch syndrome (risk for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer); or
    • Portal hypertensive enteropathy or gastropathy; or
    • Unexplained chronic abdominal pain; or
    • Use for evaluating intussusception; or 
    • Use for follow-up of individuals with known small bowel disease other than Crohn’s disease; or
  • Evaluation of the colon, including but not limited to, detection of colonic polyps or colon cancer; or
  • Initial evaluation of individuals with acute upper GI bleeding; or
  • Use for evaluating diseases involving the esophagus other than esophageal varices; or
  • Use in confirming pathology identified by other diagnostic means.

The patency capsule, including use to evaluate patency of the GI tract before WCE is considered experimental/investigational and therefore non-covered because the safety and/or effectiveness of this service cannot be established by the available published peer-reviewed literature.

91110

91111

0355T

0651T

91299

 

 




Professional Statements and Societal Positions Guidelines

The American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) – 2013

The ACG (2013) issued guidelines on the diagnosis and management of celiac disease. The guidelines recommended that capsule endoscopy (CE) not be used for initial diagnosis, except for patients with positive celiac-specific serology who are unwilling or unable to undergo upper endoscopy with biopsy.

CE should be considered for the evaluation of small bowel mucosa in patients with complicated Crohn disease.

The ACG (2018) updated its guidelines on the management of CD in adults. It makes two recommendations specific to video capsule endoscopy:

  • “Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of patients with small bowel Crohn’s disease in patients in whom there is a high index of suspicion of disease.”
  • “Patients with obstructive symptoms should have small bowel imaging and/or patency capsule evaluation before VCE to decrease risk of capsule retention.”

These recommendations are based on multiple studies. Capsule endoscopy was found to be “superior to small bowel barium studies, computed tomography enterography (CTE) and ileocolonoscopy in patients with suspected CD, with incremental yield of diagnosis of 32%, 47%, and 22%, respectively….Capsule endoscopy has a high negative predictive value of 96%.”

“However, some studies have questioned the specificity of capsule endoscopy findings for CD, and to date there is no consensus as to exactly which capsule endoscopy findings constitute a diagnosis of CD.”

The ACG (2015) issued guidelines on the diagnosis and management of small bowel bleeding (including using “small bowel bleeding” to replace “obscure GI [gastrointestinal] bleeding,” which should be reserved for patients in whom a source of bleeding cannot be identified anywhere in the GI tract).


Covered Diagnosis Codes for Procedure Codes 91110, 91111

C17.0

C17.1

C17.2

C17.3

C17.8

C17.9

C78.4

C7A.010

C7A.011

C7A.012

C7A.019

D13.2

D13.30

D13.39

D37.2

D3A.010

D3A.011

D3A.012

D3A.019

D50.0

D50.1

D50.8

D50.9

K20.0

K21.9

K22.0

K22.10

K22.11

K22.2

K22.3

K22.4

K22.5

K22.6

K22.70

K22.710

K22.711

K22.719

K22.8

K22.9

K23

K50.00

K50.011

K50.012

K50.013

K50.014

K50.018

K50.019

K50.10

K50.111

K50.112

K50.113

K50.114

K50.118

K50.119

K50.80

K50.811

K50.812

K50.813

K50.814

K50.818

K50.819

K50.90

K50.911

K50.912

K50.913

K50.914

K50.918

K50.919

K51.00

K51.011

K51.012

K51.013

K51.014

K51.018

K51.019

K51.20

K51.211

K51.212

K51.213

K51.214

K51.218

K51.219

K51.30

K51.311

K51.312

K51.313

K51.314

K51.318

K51.319

K51.80

K51.811

K51.812

K51.813

K51.814

K51.818

K51.819

K51.90

K51.911

K51.912

K51.913

K51.914

K51.918

K51.919

K52.3

K90.0

K92.0

K92.1

K92.2

Q85.8

Q85.9

Z84.89

 



Place of Service: Inpatient/Outpatient

Experimental/Investigational (E/I) services are not covered regardless of place of service.

Wireless endoscopy is typically an outpatient procedure which is only eligible for coverage as an inpatient procedure in special circumstances, including, but not limited to, the presence of a co-morbid condition that would require monitoring in a more controlled environment such as the inpatient setting.


The policy position applies to all commercial lines of business



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This policy is designed to address medical guidelines that are appropriate for the majority of individuals with a particular disease, illness, or condition. Each person's unique clinical or other circumstances may warrant individual consideration, based on review of applicable medical records, as well as other regulatory, contractual and/or legal requirements.

Medical policies do not constitute medical advice, nor are they intended to govern the practice of medicine. They are intended to reflect Highmark's reimbursement and coverage guidelines. Coverage for services may vary for individual members, based on the terms of the benefit contract, and subject to the applicable laws of your state.


Highmark retains the right to review and update its medical policy guidelines at its sole discretion. These guidelines are the proprietary information of Highmark. Any sale, copying or dissemination of the medical policies is prohibited; however, limited copying of medical policies is permitted for individual use.

Discrimination is Against the Law
The Claims Administrator/Insurer complies with applicable Federal civil rights laws and does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, or sex. The Claims Administrator/Insurer does not exclude people or treat them differently because of race, color, national origin, age, disability, or sex. The Claims Administrator/ Insurer:

  • Provides free aids and services to people with disabilities to communicate effectively with us, such as: 
    • Qualified sign language interpreters
    • Written information in other formats (large print, audio, accessible electronic formats, other formats)
  • Provides free language services to people whose primary language is not English, such as: 
    • Qualified interpreters
    • Information written in other languages

If you need these services, contact the Civil Rights Coordinator. 

If you believe that the Claims Administrator/Insurer has failed to provide these services or discriminated in another way on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, or sex, you can file a grievance with: Civil Rights Coordinator, P.O. Box 22492, Pittsburgh, PA 15222, Phone: 1-866-286-8295, TTY: 711, Fax: 412-544-2475, email: CivilRightsCoordinator@highmarkhealth.org. You can file a grievance in person or by mail, fax, or email. If you need help filing a grievance, the Civil Rights Coordinator is available to help you. 

You can also file a civil rights complaint with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office for Civil Rights electronically through the Office for Civil Rights Complaint Portal, available at https://ocrportal.hhs.gov/ocr/portal/lobby.jsf, or by mail or phone at: 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 
200 Independence Avenue, SW 
Room 509F, HHH Building 
Washington, D.C. 20201 
1-800-368-1019, 800-537-7697 (TDD) 

Complaint forms are available at http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/office/file/index.html. 

Insurance or benefit/claims administration may be provided by Highmark, Highmark Choice Company, Highmark Coverage Advantage, Highmark Health Insurance Company, First Priority Life Insurance Company, First Priority Health, Highmark Benefits Group, Highmark Select Resources, Highmark Senior Solutions Company or Highmark Senior Health Company, all of which are independent licensees of the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association, an association of independent Blue Cross and Blue Shield plans. 





Medical policies do not constitute medical advice, nor are they intended to govern the practice of medicine. They are intended to reflect reimbursement and coverage guidelines. Coverage for services may vary for individual members, based on the terms of the benefit contract.

Discrimination is Against the Law
The Claims Administrator/Insurer complies with applicable Federal civil rights laws and does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, or sex. The Claims Administrator/Insurer does not exclude people or treat them differently because of race, color, national origin, age, disability, or sex. The Claims Administrator/ Insurer:

  • Provides free aids and services to people with disabilities to communicate effectively with us, such as:
  • Qualified sign language interpreters
  • Written information in other formats (large print, audio, accessible electronic formats, other formats)

  • Provides free language services to people whose primary language is not English, such as:
  • Qualified interpreters
  • Information written in other languages
  • If you need these services, contact the Civil Rights Coordinator.

    If you believe that the Claims Administrator/Insurer has failed to provide these services or discriminated in another way on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, or sex, you can file a grievance with: Civil Rights Coordinator, P.O. Box 22492, Pittsburgh, PA 15222, Phone: 1-866-286-8295 , TTY: 711, Fax: 412-544-2475, email: CivilRightsCoordinator@highmarkhealth.org. You can file a grievance in person or by mail, fax, or email. If you need help filing a grievance, the Civil Rights Coordinator is available to help you.

    You can also file a civil rights complaint with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office for Civil Rights electronically through the Office for Civil Rights Complaint Portal, available at https://ocrportal.hhs.gov/ocr/portal/lobby.jsf, or by mail or phone at:

    U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
    200 Independence Avenue, SW
    Room 509F, HHH Building
    Washington, D.C. 20201
    1-800-368-1019, 800-537-7697 (TDD)

    Complaint forms are available at http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/office/file/index.html.