A variety of treatment modalities are available to treat varicose veins/venous insufficiency, including surgical approaches, thermal ablation, and sclerotherapy. The application of each of these treatment options is influenced by the severity of the symptoms, type of vein, source of venous reflux, and the use of other (prior or concurrent) treatments.
The following are the medical definitions for the terms in the related Medical Policies under the Policy Position:
Cyanoacrylate Adhesive (Great Saphenous, Small Saphenous and Accessory Saphenous Veins):
Echosclerotherapy:
Endovenous Radiofrequency, Endovenous Laser Ablation/Treatment (EVLA/EVLT)
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a minimally invasive endovenous thermal ablation procedure that involves using ultrasound guidance to puncture the vein, position a catheter and perform tumescent anesthesia. Radiofrequency current is delivered resulting in heat destruction while an inflammatory response enhances wall destruction. The purpose of RFA is to damage the collagen of the vein wall resulting in fibrosis and occlusion of a vein segment to eliminate reflux. This procedure may be performed in the outpatient setting.
Ligation and Stripping and Phlebectomy (i.e., Stab, Hook, Transilluminated Powered):
Mechanochemical Ablation (MOCA/MECA):
Sclerotherapy (Liquid or Microfoam):
Liquid Sclerosant:
Foam Sclerosant: Ultrasound-Guided Foam Sclerotherapy (UGFS):
Treatment Session:
VEIN ANATOMY
COMMON ABBREVIATIONS:
The standard classification of venous disease is the CEAP (Clinical, Etiologic, Anatomic, Pathophysiologic) classification system.
Class |
Definition |
C0 |
No visible or palpable signs of venous disease |
C1 |
Telangiectasies or reticular veins |
C2 |
Varicose veins |
C2r |
Recurrent varicose veins |
C3 |
Edema |
C4 |
Changes in skin and subcutaneous tissue secondary to cardiovascular disease (CVD) |
C4a |
Pigmentation and eczema |
C4b |
Lipodermatosclerosis or atrophie blanche |
C4C |
Corona phlebectatica |
C5 |
Healed |
C6 |
Active venous ulcer |
C6r |
Recurrent active venous ulcer |
S |
Symptomatic |
A |
Asymptomatic |
Treatment of symptomatic varicose veins using one or more of the following varicose vein treatments may be considered medically necessary when the applicable clinical criteria contained within the related individual treatment modality policy/guideline are met.
Procedure Code |
Code Description |
Policy/Guideline Number |
Policy/Guideline Title |
36465 |
INJECTION OF NON-COMPOUNDED FOAM SCLEROSANT WITH ULTRASOUND COMPRESSION MANEUVERS TO GUIDE DISPERSION OF THE INJECTATE, INCLUSIVE OF ALL IMAGING GUIDANCE AND MONITORING; SINGLE INCOMPETENT EXTREMITY TRUNCAL VEIN (EG, GREAT SAPHENOUS VEIN, ACCESSORY SAPHENOUS VEIN) |
HMK S-552 |
Sclerotherapy (Liquid or Microfoam) |
36466 |
INJECTION OF NON-COMPOUNDED FOAM SCLEROSANT WITH ULTRASOUND COMPRESSION MANEUVERS TO GUIDE DISPERSION OF THE INJECTATE, INCLUSIVE OF ALL IMAGING GUIDANCE AND MONITORING; MULTIPLE INCOMPETENT TRUNCAL VEINS (EG, GREAT SAPHENOUS VEIN, ACCESSORY SAPHENOUS VEIN), SAME LEG |
HMK S-552 |
Sclerotherapy (Liquid or Microfoam) |
36468 |
INJECTION(S) OF SCLEROSANT FOR SPIDER VEINS (TELANGIECTASIA), LIMB OR TRUNK |
HMK S-557 |
Spider Veins, Treatment |
36470 |
INJECTION OF SCLEROSANT; SINGLE INCOMPETENT VEIN (OTHER THAN TELANGIECTASIA) |
HMK S-552 |
Sclerotherapy (Liquid or Microfoam) |
36471 |
INJECTION OF SCLEROSANT; MULTIPLE INCOMPETENT VEINS (OTHER THAN TELANGIECTASIA), SAME LEG |
HMK S-552 |
Sclerotherapy (Liquid or Microfoam) |
36473 |
ENDOVENOUS ABLATION THERAPY OF INCOMPETENT VEIN, EXTREMITY, INCLUSIVE OF ALL IMAGING GUIDANCE AND MONITORING, PERCUTANEOUS, MECHANOCHEMICAL; FIRST VEIN TREATED |
A-1025 (CG) |
Saphenous Vein Ablation, Mechanical Occlusion Chemical Ablation (MOCA) |
36474 |
ENDOVENOUS ABLATION THERAPY OF INCOMPETENT VEIN, EXTREMITY, INCLUSIVE OF ALL IMAGING GUIDANCE AND MONITORING, PERCUTANEOUS, MECHANOCHEMICAL; SUBSEQUENT VEIN(S) TREATED IN A SINGLE EXTREMITY, EACH THROUGH SEPARATE ACCESS SITES (LIST SEPARATELY IN ADDITION TO CODE FOR PRIMARY PROCEDURE) |
A-1025 (CG) |
Saphenous Vein Ablation, Mechanical Occlusion Chemical Ablation (MOCA) |
36475 |
ENDOVENOUS ABLATION THERAPY OF INCOMPETENT VEIN, EXTREMITY, INCLUSIVE OF ALL IMAGING GUIDANCE AND MONITORING, PERCUTANEOUS RADIOFREQUENCY; FIRST VEIN TREATED |
A-0174 (CG) |
Saphenous Vein Ablation, Radiofrequency |
36476 |
ENDOVENOUS ABLATION THERAPY OF INCOMPETENT VEIN, EXTREMITY, INCLUSIVE OF ALL IMAGING GUIDANCE AND MONITORING, PERCUTANEOUS, RADIOFREQUENCY; SUBSEQUENT VEIN(S) TREATED IN A SINGLE EXTREMITY, EACH THROUGH SEPARATE ACCESS SITES (LIST SEPARATELY IN ADDITION TO CODE FOR PRIMARY PROCEDURE) |
A-0174 (CG) |
Saphenous Vein Ablation, Radiofrequency |
36478 |
ENDOVENOUS ABLATION THERAPY OF INCOMPETENT VEIN, EXTREMITY, INCLUSIVE OF ALL IMAGING GUIDANCE AND MONITORING, PERCUTANEOUS, LASER; FIRST VEIN TREATED |
A-0425 (CG) HMK S-556 |
Saphenous Vein Ablation, Laser, ligation or Laser Ablation, Incompetent Perforator Veins |
36479 |
ENDOVENOUS ABLATION THERAPY OF INCOMPETENT VEIN, EXTREMITY, INCLUSIVE OF ALL IMAGING GUIDANCE AND MONITORING, PERCUTANEOUS, LASER; SUBSEQUENT VEIN(S) TREATED IN A SINGLE EXTREMITY, EACH THROUGH SEPARATE ACCESS SITES (LIST SEPARATELY IN ADDITION TO CODE FOR PRIMARY PROCEDURE) |
A-0425 (CG) HMK S-556 |
Saphenous Vein Ablation, Laser, Ligation or Laser Ablation, Incompetent Perforator Veins |
36482 |
ENDOVENOUS ABLATION THERAPY OF INCOMPETENT VEIN, EXTREMITY, BY TRANSCATHETER DELIVERY OF A CHEMICAL ADHESIVE (EG, CRYANOACRYLATE) REMOTE FROM THE ACCESS SITE, INCLUSIVE OF ALL IMAGING GUIDANCE AND MONITORING, PERCUTANEOUS; FIRST VEIN TREATED |
A-1024 (CG) |
Saphenous Vein Ablation, Adhesive Injection |
36483 |
ENDOVENOUS ABLATION THERAPY OF INCOMPETENT VEIN, EXTREMITY, BY TRANSCATHETER DELIVERY OF A CHEMICAL ADHESIVE (EG, CRYANOACRYLATE) REMOTE FROM THE ACCESS SITE, INCLUSIVE OF ALL IMAGING GUIDANCE AND MONITORING, PERCUTANEOUS; SUBSEQUENT VEIN(S) TREATED IN A SINGLE EXTREMITY, EACH THROUGH SEPARATE ACCESS SITES (LIST SEPARATELY IN ADDITION TO CODE FOR PRIMARY PROCEDURE) |
A-1024 (CG) |
Saphenous Vein Ablation, Adhesive Injection |
37500 |
VASCULAR ENDOSCOPY, SURGICAL, WITH LIGATION OF PERFORATOR VEINS, SUBFASCIAL (SEPS) |
HMK S-553 |
Subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery (SEPS) |
37700 |
LIGATION AND DIVISION OF LONG SAPHENOUS VEIN AT SAPHENOFEMORAL JUNCTION, OR DISTAL INTERRUPTIONS |
A-0171 (CG) |
Sclerotherapy Plus Ligation, Saphenofemoral Junction |
37718 |
LIGATION, DIVISION, AND STRIPPING, SHORT SAPHENOUS VEIN |
A-0172 (CG) |
Saphenous Vein Stripping |
37722 |
LIGATION, DIVISION, AND STRIPPING, LONG (GREATER) SAPHENOUS VEINS FROM SAPHENOFEMORAL JUNCTION TO KNEE OR BELOW |
A-0172 (CG) |
Saphenous Vein Stripping |
37765 |
STAB PHLEBECTOMY OF VARICOSE VEINS, 1 EXTREMITY; 10-20 STAB INCISIONS |
A-0735 (CG) |
Stab Phlebectomy |
37766 |
STAB PHLEBECTOMY OF VARICOSE VEINS, ONE EXTREMITY; MORE THAN 20 INCISIONS |
A-0735 (CG) |
Stab Phlebectomy |
37780 |
LIGATION AND DIVISION OF SHORT SAPHENOUS VEIN AT SAPHENOPOPLITEAL JUNCTION (SEPARATE PROCEDURE) |
A-0171 (CG) |
Sclerotherapy Plus Ligation, Saphenofemoral Junction |
37785 |
LIGATION, DIVISION, AND/OR EXCISION OF VARICOSE VEIN CLUSTER(S), 1 LEG |
HMK S 558 |
Ligation, Division, and/or Excision of Varicose Vein Cluster(s) |
37799 |
UNLISTED PROCEDURE, VASCULAR SURGERY |
HMK S-553, HMK S-554, HMK S-555, HMK S-556, HMK S-557 |
Subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery (SEPS), Endovenoust, Cryoablation, Laser Treatment, Non-Invasive, Ligation or Laser Ablation, Incompetent Perforator Veins, Spider Veins, Treatment |
76942 |
ULTRASONIC GUIDANCE FOR NEEDLE PLACEMENT (E.G., BIOPSY, ASPIRATION, INJECTION, LOCALIZATION DEVICE), IMAGING SUPERVISION AND INTERPRETATION |
HMK S-552 |
Sclerotherapy (Liquid or Microfoam) |
0524T |
ENDOVENOUS CATHETER DIRECTED CHEMICAL ABLATION WITH BALLOON ISOLATION OF INCOMPETENT EXTREMITY VEIN, OPEN OR PERCUTANEOUS, INCLUDING ALL VASCULAR ACCESS, CATHETER MANIPULATION, DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING, IMAGING GUIDANCE AND MONITORING |
A-1025 (CG) |
Saphenous Vein Ablation, Mechanical Occlusion Chemical Ablation (MOCA) |
J3490 |
UNCLASSIFIED DRUGS |
HMK S-552 |
Sclerotherapy (Liquid or Microfoam) |
S2202 |
ECHOSCLEROTHERAPY |
HMK S-551 |
Echosclerotherapy |
36465 |
36466 |
36468 |
36470 |
36471 |
36473 |
36474 |
36475 |
36476 |
36478 |
36479 |
36482 |
36483 |
37500 |
37700 |
37718 |
37722 |
37765 |
37766 |
37780 |
37785 |
37799 |
76942 |
0524T |
J3490 |
S2202 |
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Refer to Guideline A-0171, Sclerotherapy Plus Ligation, Saphenofemoral Junction, for additional information.
Refer to Guideline A-0172, Saphenous Vein Stripping, for additional information.
Refer to Guideline A-0174, Saphenous Vein Ablation, Radiofrequency, for additional information.
Refer to Guideline A-0425, Saphenous Vein Ablation, Laser, for additional information.
Refer to Guideline A-0735, Stab Phlebectomy, for additional information.
Refer to Guideline A-1024, Saphenous Vein Ablation, Adhesive Injection, for additional information.
Refer to Guideline A-1025, Saphenous Vein Ablation, Mechanical Occlusion Chemical Ablation (MOCA), for additional information.
Refer to Medical Policy S-551, Echosclerotherapy, for additional information.
Refer to Medical Policy S-552, Sclerotherapy (Liquid or Microfoam), for additional information.
Refer to Medical Policy S-553, Subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery (SEPS), for additional information.
Refer to Medical Policy S-554, Endovenous Cryoablation, for additional information.
Refer to Medical Policy S-555, Laser Treatment, Non-Invasive, for additional information.
Refer to Medical Policy S-556, Ligation or Laser Ablation, Incompetent Perforator Veins, for additional information.
Refer to Medical Policy S-557, Spider Veins, Treatment, for additional information.
Refer to Medical Policy S-558, Ligation, Division, and/or Excision of Varicose Vein Cluster(s), for additional information.
Refer to Medical Policy E-9, Non-Custom/Custom-Made Gradient Compression Garments/Stockings, for additional information.
Refer to Medical Policy S-100, Multiple Surgical Procedures, for additional information.
Refer to Medical Policy S-133, Endovascular/Endoluminal Stent Grafts, for additional information.
Refer to Medical Policy S-16, Assistant Surgery Eligibility Criteria, for additional information.
Refer to Medical Policy S-28, Cosmetic Surgery vs. Reconstructive Surgery, for additional information.
Refer to Provider Reimbursement Policy RP-014, Bilateral and Multiple Surgical Procedures, for additional information.
American Vein and Lymphatic Society
In 2015, the AVLS(previously named the American College of Phlebology) published guidelines on the treatment of superficial vein disease.
AVLS gave a Grade 1 recommendation based on high quality evidence that compression is an effective method for the management of symptoms, but when patients have a correctable source of reflux, definitive treatment should be offered unless contraindicated. AVLS recommends against a requirement for compression therapy when a definitive treatment is available. AVLS gave a strong recommendation based on moderate quality evidence that endovenous thermal ablation is the preferred treatment for saphenous and accessory saphenous vein incompetence, and gave a weak recommendation based on moderate quality evidence that mechanochemical ablation may also be used to treat venous reflux.
In 2017, AVLS published guidelines on the treatment of refluxing accessory saphenous veins. The College gave a Grade 1 recommendation based on level C evidence that patients with symptomatic incompetence of the accessory saphenous veins be treated with endovenous thermal ablation or sclerotherapy to reduce symptomatology. The guidelines noted that although accessory saphenous veins may drain into the great saphenous vein before it drains into the common femoral vein, they can also empty directly into the common femoral vein.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
In 2013, the NICE updated its guidance on ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins. NICE stated that:
"1.1 Current evidence on the efficacy of ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins is adequate. The evidence on safety is adequate, and provided that patients are warned of the small but significant risks of foam embolization (see section 1.2), this procedure may be used with normal arrangements for clinical governance, consent and audit.
1.2 During the consent process, clinicians should inform patients that there are reports of temporary chest tightness, dry cough, headaches and visual disturbance, and rare but significant complications including myocardial infarction, seizures, transient ischaemic attacks and stroke."
In 2015, NICE published a technology assessment on the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of foam sclerotherapy, endovenous laser ablation, and surgery for varicose veins.
In 2016, NICE revised its guidance on endovenous mechanochemical ablation, concluding that "Current evidence on the safety and efficacy of endovenous mechanochemical ablation for varicose veins appears adequate to support the use of this procedure...."
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This policy is designed to address medical guidelines that are appropriate for the majority of individuals with a particular disease, illness, or condition. Each person's unique clinical or other circumstances may warrant individual consideration, based on review of applicable medical records, as well as other regulatory, contractual and/or legal requirements.
Medical policies do not constitute medical advice, nor are they intended to govern the practice of medicine. They are intended to reflect Highmark's reimbursement and coverage guidelines. Coverage for services may vary for individual members, based on the terms of the benefit contract, and subject to the applicable laws of your state.
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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
200 Independence Avenue, SW
Room 509F, HHH Building
Washington, D.C. 20201
1-800-368-1019, 800-537-7697 (TDD)
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Medical policies do not constitute medical advice, nor are they intended to govern the practice of medicine. They are intended to reflect reimbursement and coverage guidelines. Coverage for services may vary for individual members, based on the terms of the benefit contract.
Discrimination is Against the Law
The Claims Administrator/Insurer complies with applicable Federal civil rights laws and does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, or sex. The Claims Administrator/Insurer does not exclude people or treat them differently because of race, color, national origin, age, disability, or sex. The Claims Administrator/ Insurer:
If you believe that the Claims Administrator/Insurer has failed to provide these services or discriminated in another way on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, or sex, you can file a grievance with: Civil Rights Coordinator, P.O. Box 22492, Pittsburgh, PA 15222, Phone: 1-866-286-8295, TTY: 711, Fax: 412-544-2475, email: CivilRightsCoordinator@highmarkhealth.org. You can file a grievance in person or by mail, fax, or email. If you need help filing a grievance, the Civil Rights Coordinator is available to help you.
You can also file a civil rights complaint with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office for Civil Rights electronically through the Office for Civil Rights Complaint Portal, available at https://ocrportal.hhs.gov/ocr/portal/lobby.jsf, or by mail or phone at:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
200 Independence Avenue, SW
Room 509F, HHH Building
Washington, D.C. 20201
1-800-368-1019, 800-537-7697 (TDD)
Complaint forms are available at http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/office/file/index.html.